中国东北植被生态学研究中的焦点问题

中国东北植被经过半个多世纪的系统研究,但有关植被生态学一些争论性问题尚未统一．本文仅就作者近年来研究工作涉及到的内容和关注的问题,提出一些看法：1)中国东北植被地带性分布规律可用Kira的温暖指数(WI）、寒冷指数(CI）和作者的湿度指数(HI)进行定量解释．2)大兴安岭北部山地,在海拔1400m以上存在冻原植被,是作者于1963年首次发现的我国第三块冻原植被,其WI<15℃·月．3)大小兴安岭植被分界线是我国植被区划中第一级分区界线,其位置在爱辉-果松沟-嫩江以南附近,WI为45℃·月．4)大兴安岭植被地带性分异显著,南段、中段为典型草原地带和森林草原地带,北段为针叶林地带,HI值分别为3．5～5．5、5．5～7．5、>7．5mm／℃·月．大兴安岭东麓阔叶林是森林草原带上的森林植被类型．5)东北东部山地岳桦林是山地植被垂直带谱重要组成部分之一,是山地森林垂直分布林线,WI为20～15℃·月为地带性植被类型,而WI>20℃·月为非地带性植被类型．6)内蒙古浑善达克沙地云杉林是陆地上非常罕见的森林生态系统类型,但这种云杉林究竟是哪一树种组成,在中国植物分类上一直是个争论性问题,作者通过核型分析和同工酶实验进一步证明是一个新种即沙地云杉Picea mongolica(H．Q．Wu)W．D．Xu,cmb．NOV．-Picea meyeri Rehd．et Wils var．mogolica(H．Q．Wu)．     

黄海和东海营养盐分布及其对浮游植物的限制

根据1997～1999年黄海和东海4个季节的现场调查资料,分析探讨了黄海、东海的营养盐分布特征及其对浮游植物生长的限制状况．结果表明,在长江口以东及其东北部海域终年存在一个范围很大的营养盐高值区．分析表明,这些营养盐主要来自长江冲淡水的扩展及苏北沿岸流的输送．此外,还获得了1998年长江流域特大洪水期间,迄今被观测到的长江冲淡水中营养盐的最大扩展范围,计算并研究了黄海、东海上层水中Si／N／P比值,结果表明,黄东海上层水中Si／N比值较高,Si不会成为黄东海浮游植物生长的限制因子;但在南黄海南部尤其是西南部、东海近岸及长江口以东海域,N／P比值很高(>30),说明与一般海洋环境的情况不同,黄海、东海有很大一部分海域浮游植物的生长受磷限制,而不是受氮限制．     

长江中游渔业资源现状研究

长江流域鱼类资源十分丰富,产量约占全国淡水渔业产量的 60%,历史上最高产量达 4217万t1,是我国淡水鱼最主要的集中产区。多年来,由于水工建设、 环境污染、 酷鱼滥捕等诸多原因,长江渔业资源受到严重冲击2。为了摸清长江渔业资源状况,20世纪70年代,农业部组织沿江六省一市协作,进行了长江水系渔业资源调查,对长江主要经济鱼类种群生物学特性、 产卵场等进行了调查研究3。20世纪80年代中期,农业部和中国科学院分别对长江渔业进行了调查4,但近十余年来,未曾对长江渔业资源进行系统调查,作者根据 2001-2003 年的监测结果,对长江中游渔业资源现状进行了研究,以期为科学管理长江渔业资源提供依据。       

塔里木河中下游地区荒漠河岸林群落种间关系分析

采用 2× 2列联表, 应用Fisher精确检验法研究了新疆塔里木河中下游荒漠河岸林群落种间关系, 测定了16种植物、共 12 0个种对的种间联结性。研究结果表明 :1) 12 0个种对中有 17个种对分别在不同的样方尺度中表现出显著或极显著的种间联结, 约占总数的 14.2 % ;其中 13个种对为正关联, 4个种对为负关联 ;2 ) 不同取样面积对种间联结性分析的有效性有影响, 不同种对表现出种间联结的最小样方尺度不同 ;3) 随着样方面积的增大, 各种对自有不同的种间联结变化规律, 可归纳为 4种类型 ;4 ) 17个具种间联结的种对以灌木草本和草本草本的种对居多, 占总数的 76.5 % ;主要乔木树种胡杨 (Populuseuphratica) 与灌木之间、灌木和灌木之间趋向独立分布。     

滦河流域及周边地区花粉与植被关系的研究

滦河流域及周边地区空气中的花粉组合基本上反映了当地的植被面貌, 与植物的花期相对应, 乔木植物的花期多在春季, 草本植物的花期多在夏秋季, 该地冬季基本上无植物开花, 冬季空气中的花粉应是当年或多年春、夏、秋季散落在地上又被风吹到空气中的表土花粉和一些外来花粉 ;表土花粉随海拔高程的降低依次出现山地草甸、针阔混交林或以针叶树为主的针阔混交林、山地灌草丛、滨海平原草甸和滨海草甸或滨海盐生草甸的等 5个花粉组合带, 分别为蒿 (Artemisia)唐松草 (Thalictrum)松(Pinus)桦 (Betula) 孢粉组合带、松桦栎 (Quercus) 蒿孢粉组合带、藜科 (Chenopodiaceae)蒿禾本科 (Gramineae)中华卷柏 (Selaginellasinensis) 孢粉组合带、藜科蒿菊科 (Com positae)香蒲 (Typha) 孢粉组合带和藜科蒿莎草科 (Cyperaceae)禾本科孢粉组合带 ;由于花粉在河水中是以悬移质颗粒被搬运, 因此在不同时期沉积物花粉组合存在着一定的差异, 其中洪水期间河水对孢粉的分选作用最为明显。     

Relationship Between Surface Sediment Diatoms and Summer Water Quality in Shallow Lakes of the Middle and Lower Reaches of the Yangtze River

The relationship between surface sediment diatoms and summer water quality was investigated at 49 lakes in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River. Lakes ranging from oligomesotrophic to hypereutrophic were examined, providing an obvious nutrient gradient. With the shift from mesotrophic to eutrophic levels, diatom multi-ecotypes dominated by epiphytic and facultative planktonic taxa were replaced by nutrient-tolerant planktonic taxa, such as Cyclotella meneghiniana Skvortzow, C. atomus Hustedt, Cyclostephanos Round, and Stephanodiscus Ehrenberg etc., reflecting the nutrient changes in the lake. The relationship between diatoms and summer water quality indices was explored further using numeric analysis. Canonical correspondence analysis (CCA) with forward selection and a Monte Carlo permutation test revealed that of all 25 summer water environmental variables, total phosphorus (TP), chlorophyll a (Chl a), Secchi depth (SD), dissolved inorganic phosphorus, Cl–, SO42–, Mg2+, CO32–, and water depth were significant variables (P<0.05) in explaining diatom distributions. Of these, TP, Chl a, SD, and Cl–, were the most important variables. The result of the correlation analysis also showed that a significant correlation exists among these variables, implying that these indices are either interconnected or independent in explaining the diatom data. For phosphorus-limited sites, TP was the most significant variable affecting the diatoms, also affecting changes in Chl a, SD, and iron concentrations. The independence of Chl a may be related to algal competition induced by lake eutrophication, resulting in the feedback to diatom community. In addition to TP, SD can be related to sediment disturbance by wave action and the growth of macrophytes in large shallow lakes. These relationships between diatom ecotypes and water quality provide the basis for a future quantitative reconstruction of historic lake nutrient evolution in the study area and will also provide a wealth of modern ecological knowledge that can be used to interpret fossil diatom records.     

The impact of cropland cover on river nutrient levels in the Mississippi River Basin

Aim This study developed high‐resolution datasets of the area of maize, soybean and wheat cultivation in the United States for 1950, 1970 and 1992. The datasets were used to examine the relationship between individual crop cover and nutrient levels in rivers across the Mississippi River Basin. Location This study was conducted in the United States, with focus on the Mississippi River Basin. Methods County and state‐level estimates of the planted area of maize, soybean and wheat were integrated with a satellite‐derived pattern in total cropland to develop 5′ × 5′ resolution datasets of the fractional area of maize, soybean and wheat in the United States for 1950, 1970 and 1992. Regression analysis was used to determine the relationships between mean levels of nitrogen, phosphorous and silica in 25 rivers across the Mississippi Basin, and the extent of maize, soybean and wheat cultivation in the watersheds. Results The crop datasets provide a spatially explicit representation of the area of the three primary crops in 1950, 1970 and 1992. The datasets clearly depict the rapid expansion of soybean cultivation, the increased specialization of individual agricultural regions, and the accompanying reduction in agricultural biodiversity since 1950. The statistical analysis identified strong correlations between the extent of maize and soybean cover in a watershed and the level of nitrogen (N) and phosphorous (P) at the watershed outlet. In particular, the area of maize appears to be strongly related to the concentration of total‐N and the ratio of dissolved inorganic‐N and organic‐N at the watershed outlet. Conclusions The intensification of cultivation of the three primary crops — maize, soybean and wheat — has altered land cover and water quality across the U.S. since 1950. The high present‐day rate of fertilizer use on maize and the expansion of soybean cultivation could be largely responsible for the change in nutrient ratios in the Mississippi River since 1950.     

闽江河口互花米草入侵湿地土壤无机硫赋存形态及其影响因素

选择闽江河口鳝鱼滩的互花米草湿地为研究对象，基于时空互代法，探讨了不同互花米草入侵年限（SA1： 5-6 年；SA2： 8-10 年；SA3： 12-14年）湿地土壤的无机硫赋存形态及其主要影响因素。结果表明，随着互花米草入侵年限的增加，湿地土壤的水溶性硫（H₂O-S）含量整体呈增加趋势，而吸附性硫（Adsorbed-S）、盐酸可溶性硫（HCl-Soluble-S）和盐酸挥发性硫（HCl-Volatile-S）含量整体均呈降低趋势。相对于SA1，SA2、SA3土壤的H₂O-S含量分别增加了10.02%和2.68%，而其Adsorbed-S、HCl-Soluble-S和HCl-Volatile-S含量分别降低了9.02%、10.95%、7.57%和15.61%、32.89%、15.14%。湿地土壤的总无机硫（TIS）含量、TIS储量及其占全硫（TS）储量的比例均随互花米草入侵年限的增加而降低，且这种降低主要取决于Adsorbed-S、HCl-Soluble-S和HCl-Volatile-S的贡献。此外，随着互花米草入侵年限的增加，影响湿地土壤不同形态无机硫赋存的环境因子均发生了较大变化，其中土壤颗粒组成、EC和pH的改变对无机硫赋存形态的影响最为明显。研究发现，随着互花米草入侵年限的增加以及该区对互花米草定期刈割活动的进行，湿地土壤无机硫养分可能将继续降低并逐渐趋于缺乏状态，长期而言将减弱互花米草自身的入侵能力。     

Palaeodistribution modelling and genetic evidence highlight differential post‐glacial range shifts of a rain forest conifer distributed across a latitudinal gradient

Aim We examine the range expansion/contraction dynamics during the last glacial cycle of the late‐successional tropical rain forest conifer Podocarpus elatus using a combination of modelling and molecular marker analyses. Specifically, we test whether distributional changes predicted by environmental niche modelling are in agreement with (1) the glacial maximum contractions inferred from the southern fossil record, and (2) population genetic‐based estimates of range disjunctions and demographic dynamics. In addition, we test whether northern and southern ranges are likely to have experienced similar expansion/contraction dynamics. Location Eastern Australian tropical and subtropical rain forests. Methods Environmental niche modelling was completed for three time periods during the last glacial cycle and was interpreted in light of the known palynology. We collected 109 samples from 32 populations across the entire range of P. elatus. Six microsatellite loci and Bayesian coalescence analysis were used to infer population expansion/contraction dynamics, and five sequenced loci (one plastid and four nuclear) were used to quantify genetic structure/diversity. Results Environmental niche modelling suggested that the northern and southern ranges of P. elatus experienced different expansion/contraction dynamics. In the northern range, the habitat suitable for P. elatus persisted in a small refugial area during the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM, 21 ka) and then expanded during the post‐glacial period. Conversely, in the south suitable habitat was widespread during the LGM but subsequently contracted. These differential dynamics were supported by Bayesian analyses of the population genetic data (northern dispersal) and are consistent with the greater genetic diversity in the south compared with the north. A contact zone between the two genetically divergent groups (corresponding to the Macleay Overlap Zone) was supported by environmental niche modelling and molecular analyses. Main conclusions The climatic fluctuations of the Quaternary have differentially impacted the northern and southern ranges of a broadly distributed rain forest tree in Australia. Recurrent contraction/expansion cycles contributed to the genetic distinction between northern and southern distributions of P. elatus. By combining molecular and environmental niche modelling evidence, this unique study undermines the general assumption that broadly distributed species respond in a uniform way to climate change.